Lithium battery

ABSTRACT

A lithium battery includes a cathode including a cathode active material, an anode including an anode active material, and an organic electrolytic solution between the cathode and the anode. The anode active material includes a metal-based anode active material. The organic electrolytic solution includes a first lithium salt; an organic solvent; and a bicyclic sulfate-based compound represented by Formula 1 below:wherein, in Formula 1, each of A1, A2, A3, and A4 is independently a covalent bond, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C5 alkylene group, a carbonyl group, or a sulfinyl group, wherein both A1 and A2 are not a covalent bond and both A3 and A4 are not a covalent bond.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/422,873, filed on Feb. 2, 2017 which is now U.S. Pat. No. 11,127,978, entitled “Lithium Battery” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Korean Patent Application No. 10-2016-0016352, filed on Feb. 12, 2016, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office, and entitled: “Lithium Battery,” is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

BACKGROUND 1. Field

Embodiments relate to lithium batteries.

2. Description of the Related Art

Lithium batteries are used as driving power sources for portable electronic devices, including video cameras, mobile phones, notebook computers, and the like. Lithium secondary batteries are rechargeable at high rates and have an energy density per unit weight that is at least three times as large as that of existing lead storage batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries, nickel-hydrogen batteries, or nickel-zinc batteries.

SUMMARY

Embodiments are directed to a lithium battery including a cathode including a cathode active material, an anode including an anode active material, and an organic electrolytic solution between the cathode and the anode. The anode active material includes a metal-based anode active material. The organic electrolytic solution includes a first lithium salt; an organic solvent; and a bicyclic sulfate-based compound represented by Formula 1 below:

wherein, in Formula 1, each of A₁, A₂, A₃, and A₄ is independently a covalent bond, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group, a carbonyl group, or a sulfinyl group, wherein both A₁ and A₂ are not a covalent bond and both A₃ and A₄ are not a covalent bond.

At least one of A₁, A₂, A₃, and A₄ may be an unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group, wherein a substituent of the substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group is at least one selected from a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkenyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₂₀ heterocyclic group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ aryl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroaryl group, or a polar functional group having at least one heteroatom.

At least one of A₁, A₂, A₃, and A₄ may be an unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group, wherein a substituent of the substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group is a halogen, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a tetrafluoroethyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a tetrafluorophenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, or a pyridinyl group.

The substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group may be substituted with a polar functional group including at least one heteroatom, wherein the polar functional group is at least one selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —C(═O)OR¹⁶, —OR¹⁶, —OC(═O)OR¹⁶, —R¹⁵OC(═O)OR¹⁶, —C(═O)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵C(═O)R¹⁶, —OC(═O)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵OC(═O)R¹⁶, —C(═O)—O—C(═O)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵C(═O)—O—C(═O)R¹⁶, —SR¹⁶, —R¹⁵SR¹⁶, —SSR¹⁶, —R¹⁵SSR¹⁶, —S(═O)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵S(═O)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵C(═S)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵C(═S)SR¹⁶, —R¹⁵SO₃R¹⁶, —SO₃R¹⁶, —NNC(═S)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵NNC(═S)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵N═C═S, —NCO, —R¹⁵—NCO, —NO₂, —R¹⁵NO₂, —R¹⁵SO₂R¹⁶, —SO₂R¹⁶,

wherein, in the formulae above, each of R¹¹ and R¹⁵ is independently a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkynylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ arylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroarylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₁₅ alkylarylene group, or a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₁₅ aralkylene group; and each of R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴ and R¹⁶ is independently hydrogen, a halogen, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ aryl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroaryl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₁₅ alkylaryl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₁₅ trialkylsilyl group, or a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₅ aralkyl group.

The bicyclic sulfate-based compound may be represented by Formula 2 or 3:

wherein, in Formulae 2 and 3, each of B₁, B₂, B₃, B₄, D₁, and D₂ is independently —C(E₁)(E₂)-, a carbonyl group, or a sulfinyl group, and each of E₁ and E₂ is independently hydrogen, a halogen, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkenyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₂₀ heterocyclic group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ aryl group, or a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroaryl group.

Each of E₁ and E₂ may be independently hydrogen, a halogen, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ aryl group, or a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroaryl group.

Each of E₁ and E₂ may be independently at least one selected from hydrogen, fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a tetrafluoroethyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a tetrafluorophenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, and a pyridinyl group.

The bicyclic sulfate-based compound may be represented by Formula 4 or 5:

wherein, in Formulae 4 and 5, each of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, R₂₄, R₂₅, R₂₆, R₂₇, and R₂₈ is independently hydrogen, a halogen, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ aryl group, or a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroaryl group.

Each of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, R₂₄, R₂₅, R₂₆, R₂₇, and R₂₈ may be independently hydrogen, F, Cl, Br, I, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a tetrafluoroethyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a tetrafluorophenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, and a pyridinyl group.

The bicyclic sulfate-based compound may be represented by one of Formulae 6 to 17 below:

An amount of the bicyclic sulfate-based compound may be from about 0.4 wt % to about 5 wt % based on a total weight of the organic electrolytic solution.

The first lithium salt in the organic electrolytic solution may include at least one selected from LiPF₆, LiBF₄, LiSbF₆, LiAsF₆, LiClO₄, LiCF₃SO₃, Li(CF₃SO₂)₂N, LiC₄F₉SO₃, LiAlO₂, LiAlCl₄, LiN(C_(x)F_(2x+1)SO₂)(C_(y)F_(2y+1)SO₂) where 2≤x≤20 and 2≤y≤20, LiCl, and LiI.

The organic electrolytic solution may further include a cyclic carbonate compound selected from vinylene carbonate (VC), VC substituted with at least one substituent selected from a halogen, a cyano (CN) group, and a nitro group (NO₂), vinylethylene carbonate (VEC), VEC substituted with at least one substituent selected from a halogen, CN, and NO₂, fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), and FEC substituted with at least one substituent selected from a halogen, CN, and NO₂.

An amount of the cyclic carbonate compound may be from about 0.6 wt % to about 10 wt % based on a total weight of the organic electrolytic solution.

The organic electrolytic solution may further include a second lithium salt different from the first lithium salt and represented by one of Formulae 18 to 25 below:

An amount of the second lithium salt may be from about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt % based on a total weight of the organic electrolytic solution.

The metal-based anode active material may include at least one selected from a silicon-based compound and a composite of a silicon-based compound and a carbonaceous compound.

The metal-based anode active material may include a silicon oxide (SiO_(x) where 0<x<2).

The composite of a silicon-based compound and a carbonaceous compound may include carbon-coated silicon nanoparticles.

The composite of a silicon-based compound and a carbonaceous compound may have a mean particle diameter of about 5 μm to about 20 μm, and the silicon nanoparticles may have a mean particle diameter of about 200 nm or less.

An amount of the metal-based anode active material may be from about 1 wt % to about 10 wt % based on a total weight of an anode mixture.

The lithium battery may have a high voltage of about 3.8 V or higher.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Features will become apparent to those of skill in the art by describing in detail exemplary embodiments with reference to the attached drawings in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates a graph showing discharge capacities at room temperature of lithium batteries manufactured according to Examples 4 and 5 and Comparative Example 2;

FIG. 2 illustrates a graph showing capacity retention ratios at room temperature of the lithium batteries of Examples 4 and 5 and Comparative Example 2;

FIG. 3 illustrates a graph showing discharge capacities at a high temperature of the lithium batteries of Examples 4 and 5 and Comparative Example 2;

FIG. 4 illustrates a graph showing capacity retention ratios at a high temperature of the lithium batteries of Examples 4 and 5 and Comparative Example 2;

FIG. 5 illustrates a graph showing capacity retention ratios at room temperature of the lithium batteries of Example 4 and Comparative Example 2;

FIG. 6 illustrates a graph showing capacity retention ratios at a high temperature of the lithium batteries of Example 4 and Comparative Example 2; and

FIG. 7 illustrates a view of a lithium battery according to an embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Example embodiments will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings; however, they may be embodied in different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey exemplary implementations to those skilled in the art.

A lithium battery according to an embodiment may include a cathode including a cathode active material, an anode including an anode active material; and an organic electrolytic solution between the cathode and the anode, wherein the anode active material includes a metal-based anode active material, and the organic electrolyte solution includes a first lithium salt, an organic solvent, and a bicyclic sulfate-based compound represented by Formula 1 below:

wherein, in Formula 1, each of A₁, A₂, A₃, and A₄ is independently a covalent bond, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group, a carbonyl group, or a sulfinyl group, in which both A₁ and A₂ are not a covalent bond and both A₃ and A₄ are not a covalent bond.

The organic electrolytic solution as an additive for a lithium battery, including the bicyclic sulfate-based compound, may enhance battery performance, such as high-temperature characteristics, lifespan characteristics, and the like.

In addition, when the anode includes a metal-based anode active material as an anode active material, lifespan characteristics and high-temperature stability of the lithium battery may be further enhanced.

The bicyclic sulfate-based compound may have a structure in which two sulfate rings are linked to each other in a spiro form.

Without being bound to any particular theory and for better understanding, a reason for which the performance of a lithium battery is improved by addition of the bicyclic sulfate-based compound to the electrolytic solution will now be described in further detail.

When a bicyclic sulfate-based compound is included in the electrolytic solution, a sulfate ester group of the bicyclic sulfate-based compound may be reduced by itself by accepting electrons from a surface of an anode during charging, or may react with a previously-reduced polar solvent molecule, thereby affecting characteristics of an SEI layer formed at the surface of the anode. For example, the bicyclic sulfate-based compound including the sulfate ester group may more easily accept electrons from an anode, as compared to polar solvents. That is, the bicyclic sulfate-based compound may be reduced at a lower voltage than a polar solvent before the polar solvent is reduced.

For example, the bicyclic sulfate-based compound has a sulfate ester group and thus may be more easily reduced and/or decomposed into radicals and/or ions during charging. Consequently, the radicals and/or ions bind with lithium ions to form an appropriate SEI layer on an anode, thereby preventing formation of a product obtained by further decomposition of a solvent. The bicyclic sulfate-based compound may form a covalent bond with, for example, a carbonaceous anode itself or a variety of functional groups on the surface of the carbonaceous anode, or may be adsorbed onto the surface of an electrode. A modified SEI layer with improved stability, formed by such binding and/or adsorption, may be more durable even after charging and discharging for a long time period, as compared to an SEI layer formed from only an organic solvent. The durable modified SEI layer may in turn more effectively block co-intercalation of the organic solvent solvating lithium ions during intercalation of the lithium ions into an electrode. Accordingly, the modified SEI layer may more effectively block direct contact between the organic solvent and an anode to further improve reversibility of intercalation/deintercalation of lithium ions, resulting in an increase in discharge capacity and improvement of lifespan characteristics of the battery fabricated.

Also, due to the inclusion of the sulfate ester group, the bicyclic sulfate-based compound may be coordinated on a surface of a cathode, thereby affecting characteristics of a protection layer formed on the surface of the cathode. For example, the sulfate ester group may be coordinated to transition metal ions of a cathode active material to form a complex. This complex may form a modified protection layer with improved stability that is more durable even after charging and discharging for a long time period than a protection layer formed from only the organic solvent. In addition, the durable modified protection layer may more effectively block co-intercalation of the organic solvent solvating lithium ions during intercalation of the lithium ions into an electrode. Accordingly, the modified protection layer may more effectively block direct contact between the organic solvent and the cathode to further improve the reversibility of intercalation/deintercalation of lithium ions, resulting in increased stability and improved lifespan characteristics of the battery fabricated.

In addition, the bicyclic sulfate-based compound has a structure in which a plurality of rings are linked in a spiro form and thus has a relatively larger molecular weight than that of a general sulfate-based compound and accordingly, may be thermally stable.

For example, the bicyclic sulfate-based compound may form an SEI layer at a surface of an anode or a protection layer at a surface of a cathode and may exhibit enhanced lifespan characteristics of the lithium battery fabricated at a high temperature due to the improved thermal stability.

In the bicyclic sulfate-based compound of Formula 1 above included in the organic electrolytic solution, at least one of A₁, A₂, A₃, and A₄ may be an unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group, and a substituent of the substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group may be a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkenyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₂₀ heterocyclic group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ aryl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroaryl group, or a polar functional group having at least one heteroatom.

For example, at least one of A₁, A₂, A₃, and A₄ may be an unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group, and a substituent of the substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group may be a halogen, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a tetrafluoroethyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a tetrafluorophenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, or a pyridinyl group. That is, the substituent of the substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group may be any suitable substituent available for alkylene groups used in the art.

In some implementations, in the bicyclic sulfate-based compound of Formula 1 above, the substituent of the substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group may be a polar functional group having a heteroatom, and the heteroatom of the polar functional group may be at least one selected from oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, and boron.

For example, the polar functional group having a heteroatom may be at least one selected from —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —C(═O)OR¹⁶, —OR¹⁶, —OC(═O)OR¹⁶, —R¹⁵OC(═O)OR¹⁶, —C(═O)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵C(═O)R¹⁶, —OC(═O)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵OC(═O)R¹⁶, —C(═O)—O—C(═O)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵C(═O)—O—C(═O)R¹⁶, —SR¹⁶, —R¹⁵SR¹⁶, —SSR¹⁶, —R¹⁵SSR¹⁶, —S(═O)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵S(═O)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵C(═S)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵C(═S)SR¹⁶, —R¹⁵SO₃R¹⁶, —SO₃R¹⁶, —NNC(═S)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵NNC(═S)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵N═C═S, —NCO, —R¹⁵—NCO, —NO₂, —R¹⁵NO₂, —R¹⁵SO₂R¹⁶, —SO₂R¹⁶,

In the above formulae, each of R¹¹ and R¹⁵ may be independently a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkynylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ arylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroarylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₁₅ alkylarylene group, or a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₁₅ aralkylene group; and each of R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴ and R¹⁶ may be independently hydrogen, a halogen, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ aryl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroaryl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₁₅ alkylaryl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₁₅ trialkylsilyl group, or a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₁₅ aralkyl group.

For example, in the polar functional group having a heteroatom, a halogen substituent of the alkyl group, the alkenyl group, the alkynyl group, the cycloalkyl group, the aryl group, the heteroaryl group, the alkylaryl group, the trialkylsilyl group, or the aralkyl group may be fluorine (F).

For example, the bicyclic sulfate-based compound included in the organic electrolytic solution may be represented by Formula 2 or 3:

wherein, in Formulae 2 and 3, each of B₁, B₂, B₃, B₄, D₁, and D₂ may be independently —C(E₁)(E₂)-, a carbonyl group, or a sulfinyl group; and each of E₁ and E₂ may be independently hydrogen, a halogen, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkenyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₂₀ heterocyclic group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ aryl group, or a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroaryl group.

For example, each of E₁ and E₂ may be independently hydrogen, a halogen, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ aryl group, or a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroaryl group.

For example, each of E₁ and E₂ may be independently hydrogen, F, chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a tetrafluoroethyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a tetrafluorophenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, or a pyridinyl group.

For example, each of E₁ and E₂ may be independently hydrogen, F, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a tetrafluoroethyl group, or a phenyl group.

For example, the bicyclic sulfate-based compound may be represented by Formula 4 or 5:

wherein, in Formulae 4 and 5, each of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, R₂₄, R₂₅, R₂₆, R₂₇, and R₂₈ may be independently hydrogen, a halogen, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ aryl group, or a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroaryl group.

For example, in Formulae 4 and 5 above, each of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, R₂₄, R₂₅, R₂₆, R₂₇, and R₂₈ may be independently hydrogen, F, Cl, Br, I, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a tetrafluoroethyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a tetrafluorophenyl group, a pyrrole group, or a pyridine group.

For example, in Formulae 4 and 5 above, each of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, R₂₄, R₂₅, R₂₆, R₂₇, and R₂₈ may be independently hydrogen, F, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a tetrafluoroethyl group, or a phenyl group.

In particular, the bicyclic sulfate-based compound may be represented by one of Formulae 6 to 17:

As used herein, a and b of the expression “C_(a)-C_(b)” indicates the number of carbon atoms of a particular functional group. That is, the functional group may include a to b carbon atoms. For example, the expression “C₁-C₄ alkyl group” means an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, i.e., CH₃—, CH₃CH₂—, CH₃CH₂CH₂—, (CH₃)₂CH—, CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂—, CH₃CH₂CH(CH₃)— and (CH₃)₃C—.

A particular radical may be called a mono-radical or a di-radical depending on the context. For example, when a substituent needs two binding sites for binding with the rest of the molecule, the substituent may be understood as a di-radical. For example, a substituent specified as an alkyl group that needs two binding sites may be a di-radical, such as —CH₂—, —CH₂CH₂—, —CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₂—, or the like. The term “alkylene” as used herein clearly indicates that the radical is a di-radical.

The terms “alkyl group” and “alkylene group” as used herein refer to a branched or unbranched aliphatic hydrocarbon group. In an embodiment, the alkyl group may be substituted or unsubstituted. Examples of the alkyl group include a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, a cyclopropyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, and a cycloheptyl group, each of which may be optionally substituted or unsubstituted. In an embodiment, the alkyl group may have 1 to 6 carbon atoms. For example, a C₁-C₆ alkyl group may be methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, pentyl, 3-pentyl, hexyl, or the like.

The term “cycloalkyl group” as used herein means a fully saturated carbocyclic ring or ring system. For example, the cycloalkyl group may be cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl.

The term “alkenyl group” as used herein refers to a hydrocarbon group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms with at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Examples of the alkenyl group include an ethenyl group, a 1-propenyl group, a 2-propenyl group, a 2-methyl-1-propenyl group, a 1-butenyl group, a 2-butenyl group, a cyclopropenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, and a cycloheptenyl group. In an embodiment, these alkenyl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted. In an embodiment, the alkenyl group may have 2 to 40 carbon atoms.

The term “alkynyl group” as used herein refers to a hydrocarbon group having 2 to 20 carbon atoms with at least one carbon-carbon triple bond. Examples of the alkynyl group include an ethynyl group, a 1-propynyl group, a 1-butynyl group, and a 2-butynyl group. In an embodiment, these alkynyl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted. In an embodiment, the alkynyl group may have 2 to 40 carbon atoms.

The term “aromatic” as used herein refers to a ring or ring system with a conjugated n electron system, and may refer to a carbocyclic aromatic group (e.g., a phenyl group) and a heterocyclic aromatic group (e.g., pyridine). In this regard, an aromatic ring system as a whole may include a monocyclic ring or a fused polycyclic ring (i.e., a ring that shares adjacent atom pairs).

The term “aryl group” as used herein refers to an aromatic ring or ring system (i.e., a ring fused from at least two rings that shares two adjacent carbon atoms) having only carbon atoms in its backbone. When the aryl group is a ring system, each ring in the ring system is aromatic. Examples of the aryl group include a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, and naphthacenyl group. These aryl groups may be substituted or unsubstituted.

The term “heteroaryl group” as used herein refers to an aromatic ring system with one ring or plural fused rings, in which at least one ring atom is not carbon, i.e., a heteroatom. In the fused ring system, at least one heteroatom may be present in only one ring. For example, the heteroatom may be oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen. Examples of the heteroaryl group include a furanyl group, a thienyl group, an imidazolyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrrolyl group, an oxazolyl group, and an indolyl group.

The terms “aralkyl group” and “alkylaryl group” as used herein refer to an aryl group linked as a substituent via an alkylene group, such as a C₇-C₁₄ aralkyl group. Examples of the aralkyl group or alkylaryl group include a benzyl group, a 2-phenylethyl group, a 3-phenylpropyl group, and a naphthylalkyl group. In an embodiment, the alkylene group may be a lower alkylene group (i.e., a C₁-C₄ alkylene group).

The term “cycloalkenyl group” as used herein refers to a non-aromatic carbocyclic ring or ring system with at least one double bond. For example, the cycloalkenyl group may be a cyclohexenyl group.

The term “heterocyclic group” as used herein refers to a non-aromatic ring or ring system having at least one heteroatom in its ring backbone.

The term “halogen” as used herein refers to a stable element belonging to Group 17 of the periodic table, for example, fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. For example, the halogen may be fluorine and/or chlorine.

In the present specification, a substituent may be derived by substitution of at least one hydrogen atom in an unsubstituted mother group with another atom or a functional group. Unless stated otherwise, the term “substituted” means that the above-listed functional groups are substituted with at least one substituent selected from a C₁-C₄₀ alkyl group, a C₂-C₄₀ alkenyl group, a C₃-C₄₀ cycloalkyl group, a C₃-C₄₀ cycloalkenyl group, and a C₇-C₄₀ aryl group. The phrase “optionally substituted” as used herein means that the functional groups described above may be substituted with the aforementioned substituents.

The amount of the bicyclic sulfate-based compound of Formula 1 as an additive in the organic electrolytic solution may range from about 0.4 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the bicyclic sulfate-based compound of Formula 1 in the organic electrolytic solution may range from about 0.5 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the bicyclic sulfate-based compound of Formula 1 in the organic electrolytic solution may range from about 0.6 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the bicyclic sulfate-based compound of Formula 1 in the organic electrolytic solution may range from about 0.7 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the bicyclic sulfate-based compound of Formula 1 in the organic electrolytic solution may range from about 0.4 wt % to about 4.5 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the bicyclic sulfate-based compound of Formula 1 in the organic electrolytic solution may range from about 0.4 wt % to about 4 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the bicyclic sulfate-based compound of Formula 1 in the organic electrolytic solution may range from about 0.4 wt % to about 3.5 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the bicyclic sulfate-based compound of Formula 1 in the organic electrolytic solution may range from about 0.4 wt % to about 3 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. When the amount of the bicyclic sulfate-based compound of Formula 1 is within the ranges described above, further enhanced battery characteristics may be obtained.

The first lithium salt included in the organic electrolytic solution may include at least one selected from LiPF₆, LiBF₄, LiSbF₆, LiAsF₆, LiClO₄, LiCF₃SO₃, Li(CF₃SO₂)₂N, LiC₄F₉SO₃, LiAlO₂, LiAlCl₄, LiN(C_(x)F_(2x+1)SO₂)(C_(y)F_(2y+1)SO₂) where 2≤x≤20 and 2≤y≤20, LiCl, and LiI.

The concentration of the first lithium salt in the organic electrolytic solution may be, for example, from about 0.01 M to about 2.0 M. The concentration of the first lithium salt in the organic electrolytic solution may be appropriately adjusted as desired. When the concentration of the first lithium salt is within the above range, a battery with further enhanced characteristics may be obtained.

The organic solvent included in the organic electrolytic solution may be a low-boiling point solvent. The low-boiling point solvent refers to a solvent having a boiling point of 200° C. or less at 1 atmosphere at 25° C.

For example, the organic solvent may include at least one selected from a dialkyl carbonate, a cyclic carbonate, a linear or cyclic ester, a linear or cyclic amide, an alicyclic nitrile, a linear or cyclic ether, and derivatives thereof.

For example, the organic solvent may include at least one selected from dimethyl carbonate (DMC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), methyl propyl carbonate, ethyl propyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate (DEC), dipropyl carbonate, propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), butylene carbonate, ethyl propionate, ethyl butyrate, acetonitrile, succinonitrile (SN), dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, γ-valerolactone, γ-butyrolactone, and tetrahydrofuran. For example, the organic solvent may be any suitable solvent having a low-boiling point available in the art.

The organic electrolytic solution may further include other additives in addition to the bicyclic sulfate-based compound. Due to the further inclusion of other additives, a lithium battery with further enhanced performance may be obtained.

The additives further included in the organic electrolytic solution may include a cyclic carbonate compound, a second lithium salt, and the like.

For example, the organic electrolytic solution may further include a cyclic carbonate compound as an additive. The cyclic carbonate compound used as an additive may be selected from vinylene carbonate (VC), VC substituted with at least one substituent selected from a halogen, a cyano (CN) group, and a nitro group (NO₂), vinyl ethylene carbonate (VEC), VEC substituted with at least one substituent selected from a halogen. CN, and NO₂, fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), and FEC substituted with at least one substituent selected from a halogen, CN, and NO₂. The cyclic carbonate compound may be, for example, fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC). When the organic electrolytic solution further includes a cyclic carbonate compound as an additive, a lithium battery including the organic electrolytic solution may have further enhanced charge and discharge characteristics.

The amount of the cyclic carbonate compound in the organic electrolytic solution may range from, for example, about 0.6 wt % to about 10 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the cyclic carbonate may be fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and the amount thereof may be about 0.6 wt % to about 10 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. The amount of the cyclic carbonate compound may be appropriately adjusted as desired. For example, the amount of the cyclic carbonate compound in the organic electrolytic solution may range from about 0.8 wt % to about 10 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the cyclic carbonate compound in the organic electrolytic solution may range from about 1 wt % to about 10 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the cyclic carbonate compound in the organic electrolytic solution may range from about 2 wt % to about 10 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the cyclic carbonate compound in the organic electrolytic solution may range from about 2 wt % to about 9 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the cyclic carbonate compound in the organic electrolytic solution may range from about 2 wt % to about 8 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the cyclic carbonate compound in the organic electrolytic solution may range from about 2.5 wt % to about 8 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the cyclic carbonate compound in the organic electrolytic solution may range from about 2.5 wt % to about 7.5 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the cyclic carbonate compound in the organic electrolytic solution may range from about 2.5 wt % to about 7 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. When the amount of the cyclic carbonate compound is within the above ranges, a battery with further enhanced characteristics may be obtained.

For example, the organic electrolytic solution may further include a second lithium salt as an additive. The second lithium salt is distinguished from (i.e., different from) the first lithium salt, and an anion thereof may be oxalate, PO₂F₂—, N(SO₂F)₂—, or the like. For example, the second lithium salt may be a compound represented by one of Formulae 18 to 25 below:

The amount of the second lithium salt in the organic electrolytic solution may be from, for example, about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. The amount of the second lithium salt may be appropriately adjusted if necessary. For example, the amount of the second lithium salt in the organic electrolytic solution may be from about 0.1 wt % to about 4.5 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the second lithium salt in the organic electrolytic solution may be from about 0.1 wt % to about 4 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the second lithium salt in the organic electrolytic solution may be from about 0.1 wt % to about 3 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the second lithium salt in the organic electrolytic solution may be from about 0.1 wt % to about 2 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the second lithium salt in the organic electrolytic solution may be from about 0.2 wt % to about 2 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. For example, the amount of the second lithium salt in the organic electrolytic solution may be from about 0.2 wt % to about 1.5 wt % based on the total weight of the organic electrolytic solution. When the amount of the second lithium salt is within the above ranges, a battery with further enhanced characteristics may be obtained.

The organic electrolytic solution may be in a liquid or gel state. The organic electrolytic solution may be prepared by adding the first lithium salt and the additive described above to the aforementioned organic solvent.

In the lithium battery, the metal-based anode active material may be a silicon-based compound and/or a composite of a silicon-based compound and a carbonaceous compound. For example, the metal-based anode active material may be a silicon oxide (e.g., SiO_(x) where 0<x<2). For example, the composite of a silicon-based compound and a carbonaceous material may include carbon-coated silicon nanoparticles. The composite of a silicon-based compound and a carbonaceous compound may have a mean particle diameter of about 5 μm to about 20 μm, and the silicon nanoparticles may have a mean particle diameter of about 200 nm or less, or, for example, about 10 nm to about 200 nm. The term “mean particle diameter” as used herein refers to an average diameter in the case of spherical particles and an average major axis length in the case of non-spherical particles. The mean particle diameter may be measured using a particle size analyzer (PSA). The amount of the metal-based anode active material in the anode may range from about 1 wt % to about 10 wt %, or, for example, about 2 wt % to about 10 wt %, or, for example, about 3 wt % to about 10 wt %, or, for example, about 4 wt % to about 10 wt %, or, for example, about 5 wt % to about 10 wt %, based on a total weight of an anode mixture.

Examples of types of the lithium battery include lithium secondary batteries such as a lithium ion battery, a lithium ion polymer battery, a lithium sulfur battery, and the like, and lithium primary batteries.

For example, in the lithium battery, the cathode may include a nickel-containing layered lithium transition metal oxide. For example, the lithium battery may have a high voltage of about 3.80 V or higher. For example, the lithium battery may have a high voltage of about 4.0 V or higher. For example, the lithium battery may have a high voltage of about 4.35 V or higher.

For example, the lithium battery may be manufactured using the following method.

A cathode may be prepared by a suitable method. For example, a cathode active material composition, in which a cathode active material, a conductive material, a binder, and a solvent are mixed, is prepared. The cathode active material composition may be directly coated onto a metal current collector, thereby completing the manufacture of a cathode plate. In some implementations, the cathode active material composition may be cast on a separate support and a film separated from the support may be laminated on a metal current collector, thereby completing the manufacture of a cathode plate.

The cathode active material may be a lithium-containing metal oxide. For example, the cathode active material may be a compound represented by any one of Formulae: Li_(a)A_(1-b)B′_(b)D₂ where 0.90≤a≤1.8 and 0≤b≤0.5; Li_(a)E_(1-b)B′_(b)O_(2-c)D_(c) where 0.90≤a≤1.8, 0≤b≤0.5, and 0≤c≤0.05; LiE_(2-b)B′_(b)O_(4-c)D_(c) where 0≤b≤0.5 and 0≤c≤0.05; Li_(a)Ni_(1-b-c)CO_(b)B′_(c)D_(α) where 0.90≤a≤1.8, 0≤b≤0.5, 0≤c≤0.05, and 0<α≤2; Li_(a)Ni_(1-b-c)Co_(b)B′_(c)O_(2-α)F′_(α) where 0.90≤a≤1.8, 0≤b≤0.5, 0≤c≤0.05, and 0<α<2; Li_(a)Ni_(1-b-c)Co_(b)B′_(c)O_(2-α)F′₂ where 0.90≤a≤1.8, 0≤b≤0.5, 0≤c≤0.05, and 0<α<2; Li_(a)Ni_(1-b-c)Mn_(b)B′_(c)D_(α) where 0.90≤a≤1.8, 0≤b≤0.5, 0≤c≤0.05, and 0<α≤2; Li_(a)Ni_(1-b-c)Mn_(b)B′_(c)O_(2-α)F′_(α) where 0.90≤a≤1.8, 0≤b≤0.5, 0≤c≤0.05, and 0<α<2; Li_(a)Ni_(1-b-c)Mn_(b)B′_(c)O_(2-α)F′₂ where 0.90≤a≤1.8, 0≤b≤0.5, 0≤c≤0.05, and 0<α<2; Li_(a)Ni_(b)E_(c)G_(d)O₂ where 0.90≤a≤1.8, 0≤b≤0.9, 0≤c≤0.5, and 0.001≤d≤0.1; Li_(a)Ni_(b)Co_(c)Mn_(d)GeO₂ where 0.90≤a≤1.8, 0≤b≤0.9, 0≤c≤0.5, 0≤d≤0.5, and 0.001≤e≤0.1; Li_(a)NiG_(b)O₂ where 0.90≤a≤1.8 and 0.001≤b≤0.1; Li_(a)CoG_(b)O₂ wherein 0.90≤a≤1.8 and 0.001≤b≤0.1; Li_(a)MnG_(b)O₂ where 0.90≤a≤1.8 and 0.001≤b≤0.1; Li_(a)Mn₂G_(b)O₄ where 0.90≤a≤1.8 and 0.001≤b≤0.1; QO₂; QS₂; LiQS₂; V₂O₅; LiV₂O₅; LiI′O₂; LiNiVO₄; Li_((3-f))J₂(PO₄)₃ where 0≤f≤2; Li_((3-f))Fe₂(PO₄)₃ where 0≤f≤2; and LiFePO₄.

In the formulae above, A may be selected from nickel (Ni), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), and combinations thereof; B′ may be selected from aluminum (Al), Ni, Co, manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), strontium (Sr), vanadium (V), a rare earth element, and combinations thereof; D may be selected from oxygen (O), fluorine (F), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), and combinations thereof; E may be selected from Co, Mn, and combinations thereof; F′ may be selected from F, S, P, and combinations thereof; G may be selected from Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Mg, lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), Sr, V, and combinations thereof; Q may be selected from titanium (Ti), molybdenum (Mo), Mn, and combinations thereof; I′ may be selected from Cr, V, Fe, scandium (Sc), yttrium (Y), and combinations thereof; and J may be selected from V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, copper (Cu), and combinations thereof.

For example, LiCoO₂, LiMn_(x)O_(2x) where x=1 or 2, LiNi_(1-x)Mn_(x)O_(2x) where 0<x<1, LiNi_(1-x-y)Co_(x)Mn_(y)O₂ where 0<1-x-y<0.6, 0≤x≤0.5, and 0≤y≤0.5, LiFePO₄, or the like may be further used.

In addition, the lithium-containing metal oxides described above used as a cathode active material may have a coating layer at their surfaces. In another embodiment, a mixture of a lithium-containing metal oxide and a lithium-containing metal oxide with a coating layer at a surface thereof may be used. The coating layer may include a coating element compound, such as an oxide of a coating element, a hydroxide of a coating element, an oxyhydroxide of a coating element, an oxycarbonate of a coating element, or a hydroxycarbonate of a coating element. The coating element compounds may be amorphous or crystalline. The coating element included in the coating layer may be selected from Mg, Al, Co, potassium (K), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), silicon (Si), Ti, V, tin (Sn), germanium (Ge), gallium (Ga), boron (B), arsenic (As), zirconium (Zr), and mixtures thereof. A coating layer may be formed by using the coating elements in the aforementioned compounds by using a suitable method, (e.g., spray coating, dipping, or the like) that does not adversely affect physical properties of the cathode active material.

A suitable conductive material may be used. The conductive material may be, for example, carbon black, graphite particulates, or the like.

Examples of the binder include a vinylidene fluoride/hexafluoropropylene copolymer, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, polytetrafluoroethylene, mixtures thereof, and a styrene butadiene rubber-based polymer.

The solvent may be a suitable solvent used in the art such as, for example, N-methylpyrrolidone, acetone, water, or the like.

The amounts of the cathode active material, the conductive material, the binder, and the solvent may be the same level as those used in a general lithium battery. At least one of the conductive material, the binder, and the solvent may not be used according to the use and constitution of desired lithium batteries.

An anode may be prepared by a suitable fabrication method. For example, an anode active material composition is prepared by mixing an anode active material, a conductive material, a binder, and a solvent. The anode active material composition may be directly coated onto a metal current collector and dried to obtain an anode plate. In another implementation, the anode active material composition may be cast on a separate support and a film separated from the support may be laminated on a metal current collector to complete the fabrication of an anode plate.

In addition to the above-described metal-based anode active material, a suitable anode active material for lithium batteries may be used. For example, the anode active material may further include at least one selected from lithium metal, a metal alloyable with lithium, a transition metal oxide, a non-transition metal oxide, and a carbonaceous material.

For example, the metal alloyable with lithium may be Si, Sn, Al, Ge, lead (Pb), bismuth (Bi), antimony (Sb), a Si—Y′ alloy (Y′ is an alkali metal, an alkali earth metal, Group 13 and 14 elements, a transition metal, a rare earth element, or a combination thereof, and is not Si), a Sn—Y′ alloy (Y′ is an alkali metal, an alkali earth metal, Group 13 and 14 elements, a transition metal, a rare earth element, or a combination thereof, and is not Sn), or the like. The element Y′ may be selected from Mg, Ca, Sr, barium (Ba), radium (Ra), Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, hafnium (Hf), rutherfordium (Rf), V, niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), dubnium (Db), Cr, Mo, tungsten (W), seaborgium (Sg), technetium (Tc), rhenium (Re), bohrium (Bh), Fe, Pb, ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), hassium (Hs), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), Cu, silver (Ag), gold (Au), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), B, Al, Ga, Sn, indium (In), Ge, P, As, Sb, Bi, S, selenium (Se), tellurium (Te), polonium (Po), and combinations thereof.

For example, the transition metal oxide may be lithium titanium oxide, vanadium oxide, lithium vanadium oxide, or the like.

For example, the non-transition metal oxide may be SnO₂ or the like.

For example, the carbonaceous material may be crystalline carbon, amorphous carbon, or a mixture thereof. Examples of the crystalline carbon include natural graphite and artificial graphite, each of which has an irregular form or is in the form of a plate, a flake, a sphere, or a fiber. Examples of the amorphous carbon include soft carbon (low-temperature calcined carbon), hard carbon, mesophase pitch carbonized product, and calcined coke.

In the anode active material composition, a conductive material and a binder that are the same as those used in the cathode active material composition may be used.

The amounts of the anode active material, the conductive material, the binder, and the solvent may be the same level as those used in a general lithium battery. At least one of the conductive material, the binder, and the solvent may not be used according to the use and constitution of desired lithium batteries.

A suitable separator to be disposed between the cathode and the anode may be prepared. As the separator, a separator having low resistance to transfer of ions in an electrolyte and high electrolyte-retaining ability may be used. Examples of the separator may include glass fiber, polyester, Teflon, polyethylene, polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and combinations thereof, each of which may be a non-woven or woven fabric. For example, a windable separator formed of polyethylene, polypropylene, or the like may be used in lithium ion batteries, and a separator having a high organic electrolytic solution-retaining ability may be used in lithium ion polymer batteries. For example, the separator may be manufactured according to the following method.

A polymer resin, a filler, and a solvent may be mixed together to prepare a separator composition. Then, the separator composition may be directly coated onto an electrode and dried to form a separator. In another embodiment, the separator composition may be cast onto a support and dried, and then a separator film separated from the support may be laminated on an upper portion of an electrode, thereby completing the manufacture of a separator.

Suitable materials used in binders of electrode plates may be used in the manufacture of the separator. For example, the polymer resin may be a vinylidene fluoride/hexafluoropropylene copolymer, PVDF, polyacrylonitrile, polymethyl methacrylate, a mixture thereof, or the like.

The organic electrolytic solution may be prepared as described above.

As illustrated in FIG. 7, a lithium battery 1 includes a cathode 3, an anode 2, and a separator 4. The cathode 3, the anode 2, and the separator 4 are wound or folded and then accommodated in a battery case 5. Subsequently, the organic electrolytic solution is injected into the battery case 5, and the battery case 5 is sealed with a cap assembly 6, thereby completing the manufacture of the lithium battery 1. The battery case 5 may have a cylindrical, rectangular or thin film shape.

The separator 4 may be disposed between the cathode 3 and the anode 2 to from a battery assembly. A plurality of battery assemblies may be stacked in a bi-cell structure and impregnated with the organic electrolytic solution, and the resultant is put into a pouch and hermetically sealed, thereby completing the manufacture of a lithium battery.

The battery assemblies may be stacked to form a battery pack, and such a battery pack may be used in any devices requiring high capacity and high-power output. For example, the battery pack may be used in notebook computers, smart phones, electric vehicles, or the like.

The lithium battery has excellent lifespan characteristics and high rate characteristics and thus may be used in electric vehicles (EVs). For example, the lithium battery may be used in hybrid vehicles such as a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) or the like. The lithium battery may also be used in fields requiring the storage of a large amount of power. For example, the lithium battery may be used in electric bikes, motor-driven tools, and the like.

The following Examples and Comparative Examples are provided in order to highlight characteristics of one or more embodiments, but it will be understood that the Examples and Comparative Examples are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the embodiments, nor are the Comparative Examples to be construed as being outside the scope of the embodiments. Further, it will be understood that the embodiments are not limited to the particular details described in the Examples and Comparative Examples.

Synthesis of Additive Preparation Example 1: Synthesis of Compound of Formula 3

The compound of Formula 3 may be prepared according to Reaction Scheme 1 below:

Synthesis of Compound A

68.0 g (0.499 mol) of pentaerythritol and 100 g of molecular sieve (Type 4A) were added to a mixed solvent of tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dichloromethane (DCM, CH₂Cl₂) in a volume ratio of 1:1 and the resulting solution was refluxed for 20 minutes. Subsequently, 110 ml (2.8 equiv., 1.40 mol) of thionyl chloride (SOCl₂) was added to the resultant and the resultant solution was refluxed for 8 hours until the pentaerythritol was completely consumed by reaction, to obtain a light yellow solution. The obtained light yellow solution was filtered and concentrated to obtain a residue including a light yellow solid. Thereafter, 1 L of a saturated sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO₃) solution was directly added to the residue at a rate at which effervescence was minimized, to obtain a suspension. The suspension was vigorously stirred for 20 minutes. Thereafter, the suspension was filtered and the obtained solid was added to 1 L of purified water to prepare a mixture. Then, the mixture was vigorously stirred for 20 minutes, subjected to suction filtration, and dried in air to obtain 104.61 g (0.458 mol) of Compound A (yield: 92%).

¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR data of Compound A were same as those in documents.

Synthesis of Compound B

As shown in Reaction Scheme 1 above, Compound B represented by Formula 6 below was synthesized from Compound A according to a method disclosed in Canadian Journal of Chemistry, 79, 2001, page 1042.

The synthesized compound was recrystallized in a mixed solvent of 1,2-dichloroethane and acetonitrile in a volume ratio of 2:1, which was then used in the preparation of an electrolytic solution.

Preparation of Organic Electrolytic Solution Example 1: SEI-1316 1.0 wt %

0.90 M LiPF₆ as a lithium salt and 1 wt % of the compound of Formula 6 were added to a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate (EC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and diethyl carbonate (DEC) in a volume ratio of 3:5:2 to prepare an organic electrolytic solution.

Example 2: SEI-1316 1.0 wt %+VC 0.5 wt %

An organic electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 1 wt % of the compound of Formula 6 and 0.5 wt % of vinylene carbonate (VC) were used as additives.

Example 3: SEI-1316 0.5 wt %

An organic electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the amount of the compound of Formula 6 used as an additive was changed to 0.5 wt %.

Example 11: SEI-1316 1.0 wt %+FEC 0.5 wt %

An organic electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 1 wt % of the compound of Formula 6 and 0.5 wt % of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) were used as additives.

Example 12: SEI-1316 5.0 wt %+FEC 0.5 wt %

An organic electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 5 wt % of the compound of Formula 6 and 0.5 wt % of FEC were used as additives.

Example 13: SEI-1316 0.3 wt %+FEC 1 wt %

An organic electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 0.3 wt % of the compound of Formula 6 and 1 wt % of FEC were used as additives.

Example 14: SEI-1316 1.0 wt %+FEC 1 wt %

An organic electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 1 wt % of the compound of Formula 6 and 1 wt % of FEC were used as additives.

Example 15: SEI-1316 1.5 wt %+FEC 1 wt %

An organic electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 1.5 wt % of the compound of Formula 6 and 1 wt % of FEC were used as additives.

Example 16: SEI-1316 5 wt %+FEC 1 wt %

An organic electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 5 wt % of the compound of Formula 6 and 1 wt % of FEC were used as additives.

Example 17: SEI-1316 1.0 wt %+FEC 2 wt %

An organic electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 1 wt % of the compound of Formula 6 and 2 wt % of FEC were used as additives.

Example 18: SEI-1316 0.7 wt %+FEC 3 wt %

An organic electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 0.7 wt % of the compound of Formula 6 and 3 wt % of FEC were used as additives.

Example 19: SEI-1316 1.0 wt %+FEC 3 wt %

An organic electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 1 wt % of the compound of Formula 6 and 3 wt % of FEC were used as additives.

Example 20: SEI-1316 2.0 wt %+FEC 3 wt %

An organic electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 2 wt % of the compound of Formula 6 and 3 wt % of FEC were used as additives.

Example 21: SEI-1316 3.0 wt %+FEC 3 wt %

An organic electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 3 wt % of the compound of Formula 6 and 3 wt % of FEC were used as additives.

Example 22: SEI-1316 1.0 wt %+FEC 5 wt %

An organic electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 1 wt % of the compound of Formula 6 and 5 wt % of FEC were used as additives.

Example 23: SEI-1316 1.5 wt %+FEC 7 wt %

An organic electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 1.5 wt % of the compound of Formula 6 and 7 wt % of FEC were used as additives.

Example 24: SEI-1316 2.0 wt %+FEC 7 wt %

An organic electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 2 wt % of the compound of Formula 6 and 7 wt % of FEC were used as additives.

Example 25: SEI-1316 1.0 wt %+FEC 12 wt %

An organic electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that 1 wt % of the compound of Formula 6 and 12 wt % of FEC were used as additives.

Comparative Example 1: SEI-1316 0 wt %

An organic electrolytic solution was prepared in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the compound of Formula 6 as an additive was not used.

Manufacture of Lithium Battery (Examples 1-1 to 3-1 and Comparative Example 1 Example 1-1

Manufacture of Anode

98 wt % of artificial graphite (BSG-L manufactured by Tianjin BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.), 1.0 wt % of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) (manufactured by Zeon) as a binder, and 1.0 wt % of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) (manufactured by NIPPON A&L) were mixed together, the mixture was added to distilled water, and the resulting solution was stirred using a mechanical stirrer for 60 minutes to prepare an anode active material slurry. The anode active material slurry was applied, using a doctor blade, onto a copper (Cu) current collector having a thickness of 10 μm to a thickness of about 60 μm, and the current collector was dried in a hot-air dryer at 100° C. for 0.5 hours, followed by further drying under conditions: in vacuum at 120° C. for 4 hours, and roll-pressed, thereby completing the manufacture of an anode plate.

Manufacture of Cathode

97.45 wt % of LiNi_(1/3)Co_(1/3)Mn_(1/3)O₂, 0.5 wt % of powder-type artificial graphite (SFG6 manufactured by Timcal) as a conductive material, 0.7 wt % of carbon black (Ketjen black manufactured by ECP), 0.25 wt % of modified acrylonitrile rubber (BM-720H manufactured by Zeon Corporation), 0.9 wt % of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF, S6020 manufactured by Solvay), and 0.2 wt % of PVdF (S5130 manufactured by Solvay) were mixed together, the mixture was added to N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as a solvent, and the resulting solution was stirred using a mechanical stirrer for 30 minutes to prepare a cathode active material slurry. The cathode active material slurry was applied, using a doctor blade, onto an aluminum (Al) current collector having a thickness of 20 μm to a thickness of about 60 μm, and the current collector was dried in a hot-air dryer at 100° C. for 0.5 hours, followed by further drying under conditions: in vacuum at 120° C. for 4 hours, and roll-pressed, thereby completing the manufacture of a cathode plate.

A polyethylene separator having a thickness of 14 μm, a cathode side of which was coated with ceramic, and the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Example 1 were used to complete the manufacture of a lithium battery.

Examples 2-1 and 3-1

Lithium batteries were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1-1, except that the organic electrolytic solutions prepared according to Examples 2 and 3, respectively were used instead of the organic electrolytic solution of Example 1.

Comparative Example 1-1

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1-1, except that the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Comparative Example 1 was used instead of the organic electrolytic solution of Example 1.

Evaluation Example 1: Evaluation of Charge and Discharge Characteristics at 4.25 V and Room Temperature (25° C.)

The lithium batteries manufactured according to Examples 1-1 to 3-1 and Comparative Example 1-1 were each charged at a constant current of 0.1 C rate at 25° C. until the voltage reached 4.25 V (vs. Li) and then, while maintaining a constant voltage of 4.25 V, the charging process was cut off at a current of 0.05 C rate. Subsequently, each lithium battery was discharged with a constant current of 0.1 C rate until the voltage reached 2.8 V (vs. Li) (formation operation, 1^(st) cycle).

Each lithium battery after the 1^(st) cycle of the formation operation was charged at a constant current of 0.2 C rate at 25° C. until the voltage reached 4.25 V (vs. Li) and then, while maintaining a constant voltage of 4.25 V, the charging process was cut off at a current of 0.05 C rate. Subsequently, each lithium battery was discharged at a constant current of 0.2 C rate until the voltage reached 2.8 V (vs. Li) (formation operation, 2^(nd) cycle).

Each lithium battery after the 2^(nd) cycle of the formation operation was charged at a constant current of 1.0 C rate at 25° C. until the voltage reached 4.25 V (vs. Li) and then, while maintaining a constant voltage of 4.25 V, the charging process was cut off at a current of 0.05 C rate. Subsequently, each lithium battery was discharged at a constant current of 1.0 C rate until the voltage reached 2.75 V (vs. Li), and this cycle of charging and discharging was repeated 380 times.

In all the cycles of charging and discharging, there was a rest period of 10 minutes at the end of each cycle of charging/discharging.

A part of the charging and discharging experiment results is shown in Table 1 below and FIGS. 1 and 2. A capacity retention ratio at the 380^(th) cycle is defined using Equation 1 below: Capacity retention ratio=[discharge capacity at 380^(th) cycle/discharge capacity at 1^(st) cycle]×100  Equation 1

TABLE 1 Discharge capacity at Capacity retention ratio at 380^(th) cycle [mAh/g] 380^(th) cycle [%] Example 1-1 202 75 Example 2-1 228 82 Comparative 173 63 Example 1-1

As shown in Table 1 and FIGS. 1 and 2, the lithium batteries of Examples 1-1 and 2-1 including the additives according to embodiments of the present disclosure exhibited, at room temperature, significantly enhanced discharge capacities and lifespan characteristics, as compared to the lithium battery of Comparative Example 1-1 not including such an additive.

Evaluation Example 2: Evaluation of Charge and Discharge Characteristics at 4.25 V and High Temperature (45° C.)

Charge and discharge characteristics of the lithium batteries of Examples 1-1 to 3-1 and Comparative Example 1-1 were evaluated using the same method as that used in Evaluation Example 1, except that the charging and discharging temperature was changed to 45° C. Meanwhile, the number of charging and discharging cycles was changed to 200 cycles.

A part of the charging and discharging experiment results is shown in Table 2 below and FIGS. 3 and 4. A capacity retention ratio at the 200^(th) cycle is defined using Equation 2 below: Capacity retention ratio=[discharge capacity at 200^(th) cycle/discharge capacity at 1^(st) cycle]×100  Equation 2

TABLE 2 Discharge capacity at Capacity retention ratio at 200^(th) cycle [mAh/g] 200^(th) cycle [%] Example 1-1 249 83 Example 2-1 255 84 Comparative 235 79 Example 1-1

As shown in Table 2 and FIGS. 3 and 4, the lithium batteries of Examples 1-1 and 2-1 including the additives according to embodiments of the present disclosure exhibited, at a high temperature, significantly enhanced discharge capacities and lifespan characteristics, as compared to the lithium battery of Comparative Example 1-1 not including such an additive.

Evaluation Example 3: Evaluation of Charge and Discharge Characteristics at 4.30 V and Room Temperature (25° C.)

The lithium batteries of Example 1-1 and Comparative Example 1-1 were each charged at a constant current of 0.1 C rate at 25° C. until the voltage reached 4.30 V (vs. Li) and then, while maintaining a constant voltage of 4.30 V, the charging process was cut off at a current of 0.05 C rate. Subsequently, each lithium battery was discharged at a constant current of 0.1 C rate until the voltage reached 2.8 V (vs. Li) (formation operation, 1^(st) cycle).

Each lithium battery after the 1^(st) cycle of the formation operation was charged at a constant current of 0.2 C rate at 25° C. until the voltage reached 4.30 V (vs. Li) and then, while maintaining a constant voltage of 4.30 V, the charging process was cut off at a current of 0.05 C rate. Subsequently, each lithium battery was discharged at a constant current of 0.2 C rate until the voltage reached 2.8 V (vs. Li) (formation operation, 2^(nd) cycle).

Each lithium battery after the 2^(nd) cycle of the formation operation was charged at a constant current of 0.5 C rate at 25° C. until the voltage reached 4.30 V (vs. Li) and then, while maintaining a constant voltage of 4.30 V, the charging process was cut off at a current of 0.05 C rate. Subsequently, each lithium battery was discharged at a constant current of 1.0 C rate until the voltage reached 2.75 V (vs. Li), and this cycle of charging and discharging was repeated 250 times.

In all the cycles of charging and discharging, there was a rest period of 10 minutes at the end of each cycle of charging/discharging.

A part of the charging and discharging experiment results is shown in Table 3 below and FIG. 5. A capacity retention ratio at 250^(th) cycle is defined using Equation 3 below: Capacity retention ratio=[discharge capacity at 250^(th) cycle/discharge capacity at 1^(st) cycle]×100  Equation 3

TABLE 3 Discharge capacity at Capacity retention ratio at 250^(th) cycle [mAh/g] 250^(th) cycle [%] Example 1-1 171 84 Comparative 154 77 Example 1-1

As shown in Table 3 and FIG. 5, the lithium battery of Example 1-1 including the additive according to an embodiment of the present disclosure exhibited, at room temperature, significantly enhanced discharge capacity and lifespan characteristics, as compared to the lithium battery of Comparative Example 1-1 not including such an additive.

Evaluation Example 4: Evaluation of Charge and Discharge Characteristics at 4.30 V and High Temperature (45° C.)

Charge and discharge characteristics of the lithium batteries of Example 1-1 and Comparative Example 1-1 were evaluated using the same method as that used in Evaluation Example 3, except that the charging and discharging temperature was changed to 45° C. Also, the number of charging and discharging cycles was changed to 200^(th) cycles.

A part of the charging and discharging experiment results is shown in Table 4 below and FIG. 6. A capacity retention ratio at the 200^(th) cycle is defined using Equation 4 below: Capacity retention ratio=[discharge capacity at 200^(th) cycle/discharge capacity at 1^(st) cycle]×100  Equation 4

TABLE 4 Discharge capacity at Capacity retention ratio at 200^(th) cycle [mAh/g] 200^(th) cycle [%] Example 1-1 189 90 Comparative 174 84 Example 1-1

As shown in Table 4 and FIG. 6, the lithium battery of Example 1-1 including the additive according to an embodiment of the present disclosure exhibited, at a high temperature, significantly enhanced discharge capacity and lifespan characteristics, as compared to the lithium battery of Comparative Example 1-1 not including such an additive.

Evaluation Example 5: High-Temperature (60° C.) Stability Evaluation

The lithium batteries of Examples 1-1 to 3-1 and Comparative Example 1-1 were subjected to the 1^(st) cycle of charging and discharging as follows. Each lithium battery was charged at a constant current of 0.5 C rate at 25° C. until the voltage reached 4.3 V and then, while maintaining a constant voltage of 4.3 V, each lithium battery was charged until the current reached 0.05 C and then discharged at a constant current of 0.5 C rate until the voltage reached 2.8 V.

Each lithium battery was subjected to the 2^(nd) cycle of charging and discharging as follows. Each lithium battery was charged at a constant current of 0.5 C rate until the voltage reached 4.3 V and then, while maintaining a constant voltage of 4.3 V, each lithium battery was charged until the current reached 0.05 C and then discharged at a constant current of 0.2 C rate until the voltage reached 2.8 V.

Each lithium battery was subjected to the 3^(rd) cycle of charging and discharging as follows. Each lithium battery was charged at a constant current of 0.5 C rate until the voltage reached 4.3 V and then, while maintaining a constant voltage of 4.3 V, each lithium battery was charged until the current reached 0.05 C and then discharged at a constant current of 0.2 C rate until the voltage reached 2.80 V. A discharge capacity at the 3^(rd) cycle was regarded as a standard capacity.

Each lithium battery was subjected to the 4^(th) cycle of charging and discharging as follows. Each lithium battery was charged at 0.5 C rate until the voltage reached 4.30 V and then, while maintaining a constant voltage of 4.30 V, each lithium battery was charged until the current reached 0.05 C, the charged battery was stored in an oven at 60° C. for 10 days and 30 days, and then the battery was taken out of the oven and then discharged at 0.1 C rate until the voltage reached 2.80 V.

A part of the charging and discharging evaluation results is shown in Table 5 below. A capacity retention ratio after the high-temperature storage is defined using Equation 5 below: Capacity retention ratio after high-temperature storage[%]=[discharge capacity after high-temperature storage at 4^(th) cycle/standard capacity]×100(herein, the standard capacity is a discharge capacity at the 3^(rd) cycle)  Equation 5

TABLE 5 Capacity retention ratio Capacity retention ratio after 10-day storage [%] after 30-day storage [%] Example 3-1 91 87 Comparative 90 86 Example 1-1

As shown in Table 5, the lithium battery of Example 3-1 including the organic electrolytic solution according to an embodiment of the present disclosure exhibited significantly enhanced high-temperature stability, as compared to the lithium battery of Comparative Example 1-1 not including the organic electrolytic solution of the present disclosure.

Evaluation Example 6: Direct Current Internal Resistance (DC-IR) Evaluation after High-Temperature (60° C.) Storage

DC-IR of each of the lithium batteries of Examples 1-1 to 3-1 and Comparative Example 1-1, before being left sit in a 60° C. oven, after 10-day storage in an oven at 60° C., and after 30-day storage in an oven at 60° C., was measured at room temperature (25° C.) using the following method.

Each lithium battery was subjected to 1^(st) cycle of charging and discharging as follows. Each lithium battery was charged at a current of 0.5 C until the voltage reached 50% SOC (state of charge), the charging process was cut off at 0.02 C, and then each lithium battery rested for 10 minutes. Subsequently, each lithium battery was subjected to the following processes: discharging at a constant current of 0.5 C for 30 seconds, followed by resting for 30 seconds, and charging at a constant current of 0.5 C for 30 seconds, followed by resting for 10 minutes; discharging at a constant current of 1.0 C for 30 minutes, followed by resting for 30 seconds, and charging at a constant current of 0.5 C for 1 minute, followed by resting for 10 minutes; discharging at a constant current of 2.0 C for 30 seconds, followed by resting for 30 seconds, and charging at a constant current of 0.5 C for 2 minutes, followed by resting for 10 minutes; discharging at a constant current of 3.0 C for 30 seconds, followed by resting for 30 seconds, and charging at a constant current of 0.5 C for 2 minutes, followed by resting for 10 minutes.

An average voltage drop value for 30 seconds at each C-rate is a direct current voltage value.

A part of DC-IR increases calculated from measured initial DC-IRs and measured DC-IRs after high-temperature storage is shown in Table 6 below. A DC-IR increase is represented by Equation 6 below: Direct current internal resistance increase[%]=[direct current internal resistance after high-temperature storage/initial direct current internal resistance]×100  Equation 6

TABLE 6 DC-IR increase after DC-IR increase after 10-day storage [%] 30-day storage [%] Example 3-1 113 125 Comparative 122 137 Example 1-1

As shown in Table 6, the lithium battery of Example 3-1 including the organic electrolytic solution according to an embodiment of the present disclosure exhibited a decrease in DC-IR increase after high-temperature storage, as compared to the lithium battery of Comparative Example 1-1 not including the organic electrolytic solution.

Manufacture of Lithium Battery (Examples C1 to C10 and Comparative Examples C1 to C7) Example C1: Si 1.5 wt %+FEC 1 Wt %+SEI-1316 1 wt %

Manufacture of Anode

1.5 wt % of a carbon-silicon composite including carbon-coated silicon particles (SCN manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.), 96.5 wt % of artificial graphite (SMA manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.), 1.0 wt % of SBR (manufactured by ZEON) as a binder, and 1.0 wt % of CMC (manufactured by NIPPON A&L) were mixed together, the mixture was added to distilled water, and the resulting solution was stirred using a mechanical stirrer for 60 minutes to prepare an anode active material slurry. The anode active material slurry was applied, using a doctor blade, onto a Cu current collector having a thickness of 10 μm to a thickness of about 60 μm, and the coated current collector was dried in a hot-air dryer at 100° C. for 0.5 hours, followed by further drying in vacuum at 120° C. for 4 hours, and roll-pressed, thereby completing the manufacture of an anode plate.

Manufacture of Cathode

97.45 wt % of Li_(1.02)Ni_(0.60)Co_(0.20)Mn_(0.20)O₂, 0.5 wt % of powder-type artificial graphite (SFG6 manufactured by Timcal) as a conductive material, 0.7 wt % of carbon black (Ketjen black manufactured by ECP), 0.25 wt % of modified acrylonitrile rubber (BM-720H manufactured by Zeon Corporation), 0.9 wt % of PVdF (S6020 manufactured by Solvay), and 0.2 wt % of PVdF (S5130 manufactured by Solvay) were mixed together, the mixture was added to N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone as a solvent. The resulting solution was stirred using a mechanical stirrer for 30 minutes to prepare a cathode active material slurry. The cathode active material slurry was applied, using a doctor blade, onto an Al current collector having a thickness of 20 μm to a thickness of about 60 μm, and the current collector was dried in a hot-air dryer at 100° C. for 0.5 hours, followed by further drying in vacuum at 120° C. for 4 hours, and roll-pressed, thereby completing the manufacture of a cathode plate.

A polyethylene separator having a thickness of 14 μm, a cathode side of which was coated with ceramic, and the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Example 14, were used to complete the manufacture of a lithium battery.

Example C2: Si 3 wt %+FEC 1 Wt %+SEI-1316 1.5 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example C1, except that 3 wt % of a carbon-silicon composite including carbon-coated silicon particles (SCN manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) and 95 wt % of artificial graphite (SMA manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) were used as an anode active material, and the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Example 15 was used instead of the organic electrolytic solution of Example 14.

Example C3: Si 10 wt %+FEC 3 wt %+SEI-1316 1 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example C1, except that 10 wt % of a carbon-silicon composite including carbon-coated silicon particles (SCN manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) and 88 wt % of artificial graphite (SMA manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) were used as an anode active material, and the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Example 19 was used instead of the organic electrolytic solution of Example 14.

Example C4: Si 10 wt %+FEC 5 wt %+SEI-1316 1 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example C1, except that 10 wt % of a carbon-silicon composite including carbon-coated silicon particles (SCN manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) and 88 wt % of artificial graphite (SMA manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) were used as an anode active material, and the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Example 22 was used instead of the organic electrolytic solution of Example 14.

Example C5: Si 10 wt %+FEC 7 wt %+SEI-1316 1.5 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example C1, except that 10 wt % of a carbon-silicon composite including carbon-coated silicon particles (SCN manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) and 88 wt % of artificial graphite (SMA manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) were used as an anode active material, and the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Example 23 was used instead of the organic electrolytic solution of Example 14.

Example C6: Si 10 wt %+FEC 7 wt %+SEI-1316 2 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example C1, except that 10 wt % of a carbon-silicon composite including carbon-coated silicon particles (SCN manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) and 88 wt % of artificial graphite (SMA manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) were used as an anode active material, and the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Example 24 was used instead of the organic electrolytic solution of Example 14.

Example C7: Si 10 wt %+FEC 3 wt %+SEI-1316 0.7 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example C1, except that 10 wt % of a carbon-silicon composite including carbon-coated silicon particles (SCN manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) and 88 wt % of artificial graphite (SMA manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) were used as an anode active material, and the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Example 18 was used instead of the organic electrolytic solution of Example 14.

Example C8: Si 10 wt %+FEC 2 wt %+SEI-1316 1 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example C1, except that 10 wt % of a carbon-silicon composite including carbon-coated silicon particles (SCN manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) and 88 wt % of artificial graphite (SMA manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) were used as an anode active material, and the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Example 17 was used instead of the organic electrolytic solution of Example 14.

Example C9: Si 10 wt %+FEC 3 wt %+SEI-1316 2 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example C1, except that 10 wt % of a carbon-silicon composite including carbon-coated silicon particles (SCN manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) and 88 wt % of artificial graphite (SMA manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) were used as an anode active material, and the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Example 20 was used instead of the organic electrolytic solution of Example 14.

Example C10: Si 10 wt %+FEC 3 wt %+SEI-1316 3 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example C1, except that 10 wt % of a carbon-silicon composite including carbon-coated silicon particles (SCN manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) and 88 wt % of artificial graphite (SMA manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) were used as an anode active material, and the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Example 21 was used instead of the organic electrolytic solution of Example 14.

Comparative Example C1: Si 0 wt % (Artificial Graphite)+FEC 1 wt %+SEI-1316 1 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example C1, except that only 98 wt % of artificial graphite (BSG-L manufactured by Tianjin BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) was used as an anode active material.

Comparative Example C2: Si 10 wt %+FEC 0.5 wt %+SEI-1316 1 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example C1, except that 10 wt % of a carbon-silicon composite including carbon-coated silicon particles (SCN manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) and 88 wt % of artificial graphite (SMA manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) were used as an anode active material, and the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Example 11 was used instead of the organic electrolytic solution of Example 14.

Comparative Example C3: Si 10 wt %+FEC 12 wt %+SEI-1316 1 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example C1, except that 10 wt % of a carbon-silicon composite including carbon-coated silicon particles (SCN manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) and 88 wt % of artificial graphite (SMA manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) were used as an anode active material, and the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Example 25 was used instead of the organic electrolytic solution of Example 14.

Comparative Example C4: Si 10 wt %+FEC 1 wt %+SEI-1316 0.3 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example C1, except that 10 wt % of a carbon-silicon composite including carbon-coated silicon particles (SCN manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) and 88 wt % of artificial graphite (SMA manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) were used as an anode active material, and the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Example 13 was used instead of the organic electrolytic solution of Example 14.

Comparative Example C5: Si 10 wt %+FEC 0.5 wt %+SEI-1316 5 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example C1, except that 10 wt % of a carbon-silicon composite including carbon-coated silicon particles (SCN manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) and 88 wt % of artificial graphite (SMA manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) were used as an anode active material, and the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Example 12 was used instead of the organic electrolytic solution of Example 14.

Comparative Example C6: Si 15 wt %+FEC 1 wt %+SEI-1316 5 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example C1, except that 15 wt % of a carbon-silicon composite including carbon-coated silicon particles (SCN manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) and 83 wt % of artificial graphite (SMA manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) were used as an anode active material, and the organic electrolytic solution prepared according to Example 16 was used instead of the organic electrolytic solution of Example 14.

Comparative Example C7: Si 20 wt %+FEC 1 wt %+SEI-1316 1 wt %

A lithium battery was manufactured in the same manner as in Example C1, except that 20 wt % of a carbon-silicon composite including carbon-coated silicon particles (SCN manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) and 78 wt % of artificial graphite (SMA manufactured by BTR New Energy Technology Co., Ltd.) were used as an anode active material.

Evaluation Example C1: Evaluation of Charge and Discharge Characteristics at 4.25 V and High Temperature (45° C.)

Charge and discharge characteristics of the lithium batteries manufactured according to Examples C1 to C10 and Comparative Examples C1 to C7 were evaluated at a high temperature using the same method as that used in Evaluation Example 2.

A part of the charging and discharging experiment results is shown in Table C1 below. A capacity retention ratio at the 200^(th) cycle is defined using Equation 1 below: Capacity retention ratio=[discharge capacity at 200^(th) cycle/discharge capacity at 1^(st) cycle]×100  Equation 1

TABLE C1 Capacity retention ratio at 200th cycle [%] Example C1 (Si 1.5 wt % + 80 FEC 1 wt % + SEI-1316 1 wt %) Example C2 (Si 3 wt % + 82 FEC 1 wt % + SEI-1316 1.5 wt %) Example C3 (Si 10 wt % + 81 FEC 3 wt % + SEI-1316 1 wt %) Example C4 (Si 10 wt % + 81 FEC 5 wt % + SEI-1316 1 wt %) Example C5 (Si 10 wt % + 85 FEC 7 wt % + SEI-1316 1.5 wt %) Example C6 (Si 10 wt % + 86 FEC 7 wt % + SEI-1316 2 wt %) Example C7 (Si 10 wt % + 80 FEC 3 wt % + SEI-1316 0.7 wt %) Example C8 (Si 10 wt % + 81 FEC 2 wt % + SEI-1316 1 wt %) Example C9 (Si 10 wt % + 83 FEC 3 wt % + SEI-1316 2 wt %) Example C10 (Si 10 wt % + 85 FEC 3 wt % + SEI-1316 3 wt %) Comparative Example C1 (Si 0 wt % + 73 FEC 1 wt % + SEI-1316 1 wt %) Comparative Example C2 (Si 10 wt % + 55 FEC 0.5 wt % + SEI-1316 1 wt %) Comparative Example C3 (Si 10 wt % + 68 FEC 12 wt % + SEI-1316 1 wt %) Comparative Example C4 (Si 10 wt % + 62 FEC 1 wt % + SEI-1316 0.3 wt %) Comparative Example C5 (Si 10 wt % + 70 FEC 0.5 wt % + SEI-1316 5 wt %) Comparative Example C6 (Si 15 wt % + 65 FEC 1 wt % + SEI-1316 5 wt %) Comparative Example C7 (Si 20 wt % + 60 FEC 1 wt % + SEI-1316 1 wt %)

As shown in Table C1, the lithium batteries of Examples C1 to C10 including the additives within certain amount ranges exhibited enhanced lifespan characteristics at a high temperature, as compared to the lithium batteries of Comparative Examples C4 to C6 including the additives in amounts outside the certain ranges.

In addition, the lithium batteries of Examples C1 to C10 including the silicon-based anode active material within a certain amount range exhibited enhanced lifespan characteristics at a high temperature, as compared to the lithium batteries of Comparative Examples C1, C6 and C7 including the silicon-based anode active material in an amount outside the certain range.

In addition, the lithium batteries of Examples C1 to C10 including FEC within a certain amount range exhibited enhanced lifespan characteristics at a high temperature, as compared to the lithium batteries of Comparative Examples C2, C3 and C5 including FEC in an amount outside the certain range.

Evaluation Example C2: DC-IR Evaluation after High-Temperature (60° C.) Storage

DC-IRs of the lithium batteries of Examples C1 to C10 and Comparative Examples C1 to C7 after being stored at a high temperature were measured using the same method as that used in Evaluation Example 6.

A part of the DC-IR increases calculated from measured initial DC-IRs and the measured DC-IRs after high-temperature storage is shown in Table C2 below. A DC-IR increase is represented by Equation 6 below: Direct current internal resistance increase[%]=[direct current internal resistance after high-temperature storage/initial direct current internal resistance]×100  Equation 6

TABLE C2 DC-IR increase after 30-day storage [%] Example C1 (Si 1.5 wt % + 120 FEC 1 wt % + SEI-1316 1 wt %) Example C2 (Si 3 wt % + 125 FEC 1 wt % + SEI-1316 1.5 wt %) Example C3 (Si 10 wt % + 128 FEC 3 wt % + SEI-1316 1 wt %) Example C4 (Si 10 wt % + 131 FEC 5 wt % + SEI-1316 1 wt %) Example C5 (Si 10 wt % + 130 FEC 7 wt % + SEI-1316 1.5 wt %) Example C6 (Si 10 wt % + 133 FEC 7 wt % + SEI-1316 2 wt %) Example C7 (Si 10 wt % + 135 FEC 3 wt % + SEI-1316 0.7 wt %) Example C8 (Si 10 wt % + 133 FEC 2 wt % + SEI-1316 1 wt %) Example C9 (Si 10 wt % + 133 FEC 3 wt % + SEI-1316 2 wt %) Example C10 (Si 10 wt % + 130 FEC 3 wt % + SEI-1316 3 wt %) Comparative Example C1 (Si 0 wt % + 135 FEC 1 wt % + SEI-1316 1 wt %) Comparative Example C2 (Si 10 wt % + 145 FEC 0.5 wt % + SEI-1316 1 wt %) Comparative Example C3 (Si 10 wt % + 143 FEC 12 wt % + SEI-1316 1 wt %) Comparative Example C4 (Si 10 wt % + 150 FEC 1 wt % + SEI-1316 0.3 wt %) Comparative Example C5 (Si 10 wt % + 160 FEC 0.5 wt % + SEI-1316 5 wt %) Comparative Example C6 (Si 15 wt % + 155 FEC 1 wt % + SEI-1316 5 wt %) Comparative Example C7 (Si 20 wt % + 210 FEC 1 wt % + SEI-1316 1 wt %)

As shown in Table C2, each of the lithium batteries of Examples C1 to C10 including the additives within certain amount ranges exhibited a lower DC-IR increase than that of each of the lithium batteries of Comparative Examples C4 to C6, which included the additives in amounts outside the certain ranges.

For example, each of the lithium batteries of Examples C1 to C10 including the silicon-based anode active material within a certain amount range exhibited a lower DC-IR increase than that of each of the lithium batteries of Comparative Examples C1, C6 and C7 including the silicon-based anode active material in an amount outside the range of 1 wt % to 10 wt % of the anode active material.

For example, each of the lithium batteries of Examples C1 to C10 including FEC within a certain amount range exhibited a lower DC-IR increase than that of each of the lithium batteries of Comparative Examples C2, C3 and C5, which included FEC in an amount outside the range of about 0.6 wt % to about 10 wt % of the organic electrolytic solution.

By way of summation and review, when lithium batteries operate at high operating voltages, aqueous electrolytic solutions highly reactive to lithium may not be suitable for use in such lithium batteries. Lithium batteries generally use organic electrolytic solutions. An organic electrolytic solution is prepared by dissolving a lithium salt in an organic solvent. An organic solvent with stability at high voltages, high ionic conductivity, high dielectric constant, and low viscosity may be used.

When a lithium battery uses a general organic electrolytic solution including a carbonate-based polar non-aqueous solvent, an irreversible reaction, in which charges are excessively used due to a side reaction between the anode/cathode and the organic electrolytic solution, may occur during initial charging. As a result of such an irreversible reaction, a passivation layer, such as a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer, may be formed at a surface of an anode. In addition, a protection layer is formed at a surface of a cathode.

In this regard, the SEI layer and/or the protection layer, formed using an existing organic electrolytic solution, may be easily degraded. For example, such an SEI layer and/or protection layer may exhibit decreased stability at a high temperature.

Therefore, an organic electrolytic solution capable of forming an SEI layer and/or a protection layer having improved high-temperature stability is desirable.

Embodiments provide a lithium battery including an anode including a metal-based anode active material and an organic electrolytic solution including a novel bicyclic sulfate-based additive. The lithium battery according to embodiments exhibit enhanced high-temperature characteristics and lifespan characteristics.

Example embodiments have been disclosed herein, and although specific terms are employed, they are used and are to be interpreted in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purpose of limitation. In some instances, as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art as of the filing of the present application, features, characteristics, and/or elements described in connection with a particular embodiment may be used singly or in combination with features, characteristics, and/or elements described in connection with other embodiments unless otherwise specifically indicated. Accordingly, it will be understood by those of skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope thereof as set forth in the following claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A lithium battery, comprising: a cathode including a cathode active material; an anode including an anode active material; and an organic electrolytic solution between the cathode and the anode, wherein: the anode active material includes a metal-based anode active material, the organic electrolytic solution includes a first lithium salt; an organic solvent; and a bicyclic sulfate-based compound represented by Formula 1 below:

in Formula 1, each of A₁, A₂, A₃, and A₄ is independently a covalent bond, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group, a carbonyl group, or a sulfinyl group, provided that A₁ and A₂ are not simultaneously a covalent bond and provided that A₃ and A₄ are not simultaneously a covalent bond, the metal-based anode active material includes a composite of a silicon-based compound and a carbonaceous compound, the composite of the silicon-based compound and the carbonaceous compound includes carbon-coated silicon nanoparticles, and the composite of the silicon-based compound and the carbonaceous compound has a mean particle diameter of about 5 μm to about 20 μm.
 2. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least one of A₁, A₂, A₃, and A₄ is an unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group, wherein a substituent of the substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group is a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkenyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₂₀ heterocyclic group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ aryl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroaryl group, or a polar functional group having at least one heteroatom.
 3. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 2, wherein the substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group is substituted with a polar functional group including at least one heteroatom, wherein the polar functional group is —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —C(═O)OR¹⁶, —OR¹⁶, —OC(═O)OR¹⁶, —R¹⁵OC(═O)OR¹⁶, —C(═O)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵C(═O)R¹⁶, —OC(═O)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵OC(═O)R¹⁶, —C(═O)—O—C(═O)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵C(═O)—O—C(═O)R¹⁶, —SR¹⁶, —R¹⁵SR¹⁶, —SSR¹⁶, —R¹⁵SSR¹⁶, —S(═O)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵S(═O)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵C(═S)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵C(═S)SR¹⁶, —R¹⁵SO₃R¹⁶, —SO₃R¹⁶, —NNC(═S)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵NNC(═S)R¹⁶, —R¹⁵N═C═S, —NCO, —R¹⁵—NCO, —NO₂, —R¹⁵NO₂, —R¹⁵SO₂R¹⁶, —SO₂R¹⁶,

wherein, in the formulae above, each of R¹¹ and R¹⁵ is independently a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkynylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ arylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroarylene group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₁₅ alkylarylene group, or a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₁₅ aralkylene group; and each of R¹², R¹³, R¹⁴ and R¹⁶ is independently hydrogen, a halogen, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₁₂ cycloalkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ aryl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroaryl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₁₅ alkylaryl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₁₅ trialkylsilyl group, or a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₇-C₁₅ aralkyl group.
 4. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least one of A₁, A₂, A₃, and A₄ is an unsubstituted or substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group, wherein a substituent of the substituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group is a halogen, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a tetrafluoroethyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a tetrafluorophenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, or a pyridinyl group.
 5. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the bicyclic sulfate-based compound represented by Formula 1 is represented by Formula 2 or 3:

wherein, in Formulae 2 and 3, each of B₁, B₂, B₃, B₄, D₁, and D₂ is independently —C(E₁)(E₂)-, a carbonyl group, or a sulfinyl group; and each of E₁ and E₂ is independently hydrogen, a halogen, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkenyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₂₀ alkynyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₂₀ cycloalkenyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₃-C₂₀ heterocyclic group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ aryl group, or a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroaryl group.
 6. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 5, wherein each of E₁ and E₂ is independently hydrogen, a halogen, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ aryl group, or a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroaryl group.
 7. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 5, wherein each of E₁ and E₂ is independently hydrogen, fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a tetrafluoroethyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a tetrafluorophenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, or a pyridinyl group.
 8. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the bicyclic sulfate-based compound represented by Formula 1 is represented by Formula 4 or 5:

wherein, in Formulae 4 and 5, each of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, R₂₄, R₂₅, R₂₆, R₂₇, and R₂₈ is independently hydrogen, a halogen, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group, a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₆-C₄₀ aryl group, or a halogen-substituted or unsubstituted C₂-C₄₀ heteroaryl group.
 9. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 8, wherein each of R₁, R₂, R₃, R₄, R₂₁, R₂₂, R₂₃, R₂₄, R₂₅, R₂₆, R₂₇, and R₂₈ is independently hydrogen, F, Cl, Br, I, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, an isopropyl group, a butyl group, a tert-butyl group, a trifluoromethyl group, a tetrafluoroethyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a tetrafluorophenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, or a pyridinyl group.
 10. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the bicyclic sulfate-based compound represented by Formula 1 is represented by one of Formulae 6 to 17 below:


11. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein an amount of the bicyclic sulfate-based compound is from about 0.4 wt % to about 5 wt % based on a total weight of the organic electrolytic solution.
 12. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein an amount of the bicyclic sulfate-based compound is from about 0.4 wt % to about 3 wt % based on a total weight of the organic electrolytic solution.
 13. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first lithium salt in the organic electrolytic solution includes LiPF₆, LiBF₄, LiSbF₆, LiAsF₆, LiClO₄, LiCF₃SO₃, Li(CF₃SO₂)₂N, LiC₄F₉SO₃, LiAlO₂, LiAlCl₄, LiN(C_(x)F_(2x+1)SO₂)(C_(y)F_(2y+1)SO₂) where 2≤x≤20 and 2≤y≤20, LiCl, or LiI.
 14. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the organic electrolytic solution further includes a cyclic carbonate compound, wherein the cyclic carbonate compound includes-vinylene carbonate (VC); VC substituted with a halogen, a cyano (CN) group, or a nitro group (NO₂); vinylethylene carbonate (VEC); VEC substituted with a halogen, CN, or NO₂; fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC); or FEC substituted with a halogen, CN, or NO₂.
 15. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 14, wherein an amount of the cyclic carbonate compound is from about 0.6 wt % to about 10 wt % based on a total weight of the organic electrolytic solution.
 16. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 15, wherein an amount of the second lithium salt is from about 0.1 wt % to about 5 wt % based on a total weight of the organic electrolytic solution.
 17. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the organic electrolytic solution further includes a second lithium salt different from the first lithium salt and represented by one of Formulae 18 to 25 below:


18. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein the composite of the silicon-based compound and the carbonaceous compound has a mean particle diameter of about 5 μm to about 20 μm, and the silicon nanoparticles have a mean particle diameter of about 10 nm to about 200 nm.
 19. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein an amount of the metal-based anode active material is from about 1 wt % to about 10 wt % based on a total weight of an anode mixture.
 20. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 1, wherein: the metal-based anode active material is included in an amount of about 1 wt % to about 10 wt % based on a total weight of an anode mixture; the bicyclic sulfate-based compound is included in the organic electrolyte solution in an amount of about 0.4 wt % to about 5 wt % based on a total weight of the organic electrolytic solution, and the organic electrolytic solution further includes a fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) in an amount of from about 0.6 wt % to about 10 wt % based on a total weight of the organic electrolytic solution.
 21. A lithium battery, comprising: a cathode including a cathode active material; an anode including an anode active material; and an organic electrolytic solution between the cathode and the anode, wherein: the anode active material includes a metal-based anode active material, the organic electrolytic solution includes a first lithium salt; an organic solvent; and a bicyclic sulfate-based compound represented by Formula 1 below:

in Formula 1, each of A₁, A₂, A₃, and A₄ is independently a covalent bond, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group, a carbonyl group, or a sulfinyl group, provided that A₁ and A₂ are not simultaneously a covalent bond and provided that A₃ and A₄ are not simultaneously a covalent bond, and the metal-based anode active material is a silicon-based active material and is included in an amount of about 1 wt % to about 10 wt % based on a total weight of an anode mixture.
 22. The lithium battery as claimed in claim 21, wherein the metal-based anode active material includes a silicon oxide, SiOx, in which where 0<x<2.
 23. A lithium battery, comprising: a cathode including a cathode active material; an anode including an anode active material; and an organic electrolytic solution between the cathode and the anode, wherein: the anode active material includes a metal-based anode active material, the organic electrolytic solution includes a first lithium salt; an organic solvent; and a bicyclic sulfate-based compound represented by Formula 1 below:

in Formula 1, each of A₁, A₂, A₃, and A₄ is independently a covalent bond, a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₅ alkylene group, a carbonyl group, or a sulfinyl group, provided that A₁ and A₂ are not simultaneously a covalent bond and provided that A₃ and A₄ are not simultaneously a covalent bond, the metal-based anode active material includes a composite of a silicon-based compound and a carbonaceous compound, the composite of the silicon-based compound and the carbonaceous compound includes carbon-coated silicon nanoparticles, and an amount of the metal-based anode active material is from about 1 wt % to about 10 wt % based on a total weight of an anode mixture. 